Overforbrug

Overforbrug beskriver en situation, hvor en forbruger benytter tilgængelige varer eller services i et omfang, hvor de enten ikke kan eller vil benytte eller genbruge dem. I mikroøkonomi kan dette beskrives som det punkt, hvor en forbrugerens marginalomkostning er større end deres marginal nytte. Begrebet overforbrug er ret kontroversielt i brug og har ikke nødvendigvis en enkelt samlende definition.^[1] Når overforbrug henviser til brug af naturressourcer til det punkt, hvor miljøet bliver negativt påvirket, er det synonymt med udtrykket overudnyttelse. Når det bruges i bredere økonomisk forstand, kan overforbrug dog referere til alle typer varer og tjenesteydelser, herunder menneskeskabte, f.eks. "overforbruget af alkohol kan føre til alkoholforgiftning".^[2]^[3] Overforbrug er drevet af flere faktorer i den nuværende globale økonomi, herunder kræfter som forbrugerisme, planlagt forældelse, økonomisk materialisme og andre uholdbare forretningsmodeller og kan sammenlignes med bæredygtigt forbrug.

Når begrebet bruger i forbindelse med miljøet, bliver det ofte brugt parallelt med befolkningens størrelse og vækst, samt menneskets udvikling: flere mennesker der kræver højere livskvalitet, kræver større udvinding af ressourcer, hvilket kan skabe miljønedbrydning som klimaændringer og tab af biodiversitet.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Overforbrug har igangsat modbevægelser som antiforbrugerisme, friganisme, grøn økonomi, økologisk økonomi, afvækst, sparsomhed , simple living og enkel livsstil.^[8]^[9]

Se også

Referencer

^ Kjellberg, H. (2008). Market practices and over‐consumption. Consumption, Markets, and Culture, 11(2), 151-167.
^ Merriam-Webster definition of overconsumption includes this example: "overconsumption of alcohol".https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/overconsumption
^ Specific example sentence from https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/overconsumption
^ Baste, Ivar A; Watson, Robert T, red. (18. februar 2021). Making peace with nature: a scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies (PDF). Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ISBN 978-92-807-3837-7. Hentet 2021-03-11. Job no DEW/2335/NA. See document for conditions of reuse.
^ Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). "Response: Commentary: Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2021.700869. ...we devoted an entire section to the interacting and inter-dependent components of overpopulation and overconsumption, which are, for instance, also central tenets of the recent Economics of Biodiversity review (Dasgupta, 2021). Therein, the dynamic socio-ecological model shows that mutual causation drives modern socio-ecological systems. Just as it is incorrect to insist that a large global population is the sole underlying cause of biodiversity loss, so too is it naïve and incorrect to claim that high consumption alone is the cause, and so forth.
^ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23. maj 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089-E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295. Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.
^ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195. All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.
^ Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31). "Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction". The Commons Social Change Library (australsk engelsk). Hentet 2024-02-23.
^ Smith, E. T. (2024-01-23). "Practising Commoning". The Commons Social Change Library (australsk engelsk). Hentet 2024-02-23.

[1] Kjellberg, H. (2008). Market practices and over‐consumption. Consumption, Markets, and Culture, 11(2), 151-167.

[2] Merriam-Webster definition of overconsumption includes this example: "overconsumption of alcohol".https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/overconsumption

[3] Specific example sentence from https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/overconsumption

[baste-and-watson-2021-4] Baste, Ivar A; Watson, Robert T, red. (18. februar 2021). Making peace with nature: a scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies (PDF). Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ISBN 978-92-807-3837-7. Hentet 2021-03-11. Job no DEW/2335/NA. See document for conditions of reuse.

[5] Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). "Response: Commentary: Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2021.700869. ...we devoted an entire section to the interacting and inter-dependent components of overpopulation and overconsumption, which are, for instance, also central tenets of the recent Economics of Biodiversity review (Dasgupta, 2021). Therein, the dynamic socio-ecological model shows that mutual causation drives modern socio-ecological systems. Just as it is incorrect to insist that a large global population is the sole underlying cause of biodiversity loss, so too is it naïve and incorrect to claim that high consumption alone is the cause, and so forth.

[6] Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23. maj 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089-E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295. Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.

[7] Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195. All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.

[8] Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31). "Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction". The Commons Social Change Library (australsk engelsk). Hentet 2024-02-23.

[9] Smith, E. T. (2024-01-23). "Practising Commoning". The Commons Social Change Library (australsk engelsk). Hentet 2024-02-23.

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