Coliforme bakterier

Coliforme bakterier (eller tyktarmsbakterier) er et fællesnavn for bakterier, som lever i pattedyrs tyktarm. Er de andre steder, er det udtryk for fækal forurening. Coliforme bakterier defineres som stavformede Gramnegative ikke-sporedannere (se billederne), der kan forgære laktose med syre- og gasproduktion ved 35-37°C.^[1]

Der er ca. ti gange så mange coliforme bakterier i menneskets tarm som antallet af menneskets celler. Det store antal bakterier i dyr og mennesker medfører derfor at coliforme bakterier er vidt udbredt overalt i naturen.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

De coliforme bakterier har flere gavnlige funktioner i tarmen som produktion af K-vitamin, men de kan give infektioner på andre slimhinder, hvis de utilsigtet kommer her. Nogle varianter som VTEC er patogene.

Typiske slægter omfatter:^[7]

Citrobacter,
Enterobacter
Escherichia (Escherichia coli udgør mængdemæssigt typisk 10% i menneskers tyktarm)
Hafnia
Klebsiella
Serratia

Sundhedsindikator

Coliforme bakterier bruges til at indikere sundhedsrisiko ved drikkevand og fødevarer, da der så også kan være sygdomsfremkaldende tyktarmsbakterier.

Menneskers tre enterotyper

Menneskers enterotype dvs. tarmbakterieflora eller bakterieøkosystem indeholder tre enterotyper baseret på den fremherskende mikroorganisme:

Forskningen er baseret på personer fra Europa, Asien og Amerika – bl.a. fra Danmark og Nordamerika. Entero-profilerne varierer uafhængigt af køn, kostvaner, alder, nationalitet og BMI og man ved ikke, hvorfor der kun er tre enterotyper.^[9] ^[10]^[11]

Se også

Ekstern link

Kilder/referencer

^ American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (19th ed.), APHA, Washington, DC (1995).
^ American Society for Microbiology (2008, June 5). Humans Have Ten Times More Bacteria Than Human Cells: How Do Microbial Communities Affect Human Health?. ScienceDaily Citat: "...Instead of any one particular organism associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, they observed significant shifts in microbial populations between healthy subjects and those with disease, including a loss of normally protective bacterial populations...."
^ University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008, July 30). Symbiotic Microbes Induce Profound Genetic Changes In Their Hosts. ScienceDaily Citat: "..."We have thousands of bacteria that live with us, and yet there are only around 100 bacterial pathogens," she says. Given the numbers, "it seems like these pathways and these molecules are likely to be 'symbiosis' pathways more than 'anti-pathogen.'"..."
^ Karolinska Institutet (2011, February 1). Bacteria in the gut may influence brain development. ScienceDaily
^ 28. sep 2010, ekstrabladet.dk: Lort kan behandle diabetes-patienter
^ "09.11.10, fpn.dk: Afføring virker mod diarré". Arkiveret fra originalen 16. december 2010. Hentet 16. juni 2011.
^ The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2002) – Part 1 – Water Quality and Public Health; Department of the Environment
^ "MetaHIT". Arkiveret fra originalen 8. maj 2013. Hentet 20. marts 2013.
^ European Molecular Biology Laboratory (2011, April 21). What's your gut type? Gut bacteria could help with diagnostics and influence treatments. ScienceDaily
^ netdoktor.com: Tyktarmen sladrer om dit helbred Arkiveret 4. marts 2016 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...”Indtil videre er det vores antagelse, at der til hver enterotype er knyttet forskellige dispositioner, som har med sygdom og sundhed at gøre”, siger den danske forsker Oluf Borbye Pedersen, der er professor ved Københavns Universitet..."
^ Marine Biological Laboratory (2012, June 13). More than one way to be healthy: Map of bacterial makeup of humans reveals microbial rare biosphere. ScienceDaily Citat: "...And, perhaps not surprisingly, the HMP discovered that microbial distributions in the human body are not so different from those in ocean ecosystems..."What this means is, there is not just one way to be healthy, " says Huse. "There doesn't have to be one or two 'just right' gut communities, but rather a range of 'just fine' communities."..."

[1] American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (19th ed.), APHA, Washington, DC (1995).

[amsoc-2] American Society for Microbiology (2008, June 5). Humans Have Ten Times More Bacteria Than Human Cells: How Do Microbial Communities Affect Human Health?. ScienceDaily Citat: "...Instead of any one particular organism associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, they observed significant shifts in microbial populations between healthy subjects and those with disease, including a loss of normally protective bacterial populations...."

[3] University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008, July 30). Symbiotic Microbes Induce Profound Genetic Changes In Their Hosts. ScienceDaily Citat: "..."We have thousands of bacteria that live with us, and yet there are only around 100 bacterial pathogens," she says. Given the numbers, "it seems like these pathways and these molecules are likely to be 'symbiosis' pathways more than 'anti-pathogen.'"..."

[4] Karolinska Institutet (2011, February 1). Bacteria in the gut may influence brain development. ScienceDaily

[5] 28. sep 2010, ekstrabladet.dk: Lort kan behandle diabetes-patienter

[6] "09.11.10, fpn.dk: Afføring virker mod diarré". Arkiveret fra originalen 16. december 2010. Hentet 16. juni 2011.

[7] The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2002) – Part 1 – Water Quality and Public Health; Department of the Environment

[8] "MetaHIT". Arkiveret fra originalen 8. maj 2013. Hentet 20. marts 2013.

[9] European Molecular Biology Laboratory (2011, April 21). What's your gut type? Gut bacteria could help with diagnostics and influence treatments. ScienceDaily

[10] tdoktor.com: Tyktarmen sladrer om dit helbred Arkiveret 4. marts 2016 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...”Indtil videre er det vores antagelse, at der til hver enterotype er knyttet forskellige dispositioner, som har med sygdom og sundhed at gøre”, siger den danske forsker Oluf Borbye Pedersen, der er professor ved Københavns Universitet..."

[11] Marine Biological Laboratory (2012, June 13). More than one way to be healthy: Map of bacterial makeup of humans reveals microbial rare biosphere. ScienceDaily Citat: "...And, perhaps not surprisingly, the HMP discovered that microbial distributions in the human body are not so different from those in ocean ecosystems..."What this means is, there is not just one way to be healthy, " says Huse. "There doesn't have to be one or two 'just right' gut communities, but rather a range of 'just fine' communities."..."

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