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Republics not recognized by the Soviet Union

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Emblem Name Flag Capital Official languages Independence from Moldavian SSR declared Independence from USSR declared Population Area (km²) Post-Soviet states
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic Tiraspol Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan 2 September 1990 25 August 1991 680,000
(1989)
4,163
(1989)
Skabelon:Lande data Transnistria
 Moldova

Other non-union Soviet republics

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Emblem Name Flag Capital Created Defunct Successor states Modern states
Bavarian Soviet Republic Munich 1919 Skabelon:Lande data Weimar Republic  Germany
Bremen Soviet Republic Bremen 1919 Skabelon:Lande data Weimar Republic  Germany
Chinese Soviet Republic Ruijin
Bao'an
Yan'an
1931 1937 Skabelon:Lande data Republic of China (1912–1949) Skabelon:Lande data People's Republic of China
Skabelon:Lande data Republic of China (disputed)
Commune of the Working People of Estonia Narva
1918 1919  Estonia
Far Eastern Republic Verkhneudinsk
Chita
1920 1922 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Russia
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic Ternopil 1920 Skabelon:Lande data Second Polish Republic  Ukraine
Hungarian Soviet Republic Budapest 1919 Skabelon:Lande data Hungarian Republic (1919–20)  Hungary
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic Riga
Dvinsk
Rezhitsa
1918 1920  Latvia
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Vilnius 1918 1919 Litbel  Lithuania
Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Vilnius
Minsk
Smolensk
1919  Lithuania
Skabelon:Lande data Second Polish Republic
Skabelon:Lande data Byelorussian SSR
 Lithuania
 Belarus
Limerick Soviet Limerick 1919 Skabelon:Lande data United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  Ireland
Mughan Soviet Republic Lankaran 1919 Skabelon:Lande data Azerbaijan Democratic Republic  Azerbaijan
Odessa Soviet Republic Odessa 1918 Skabelon:Lande data Ukrainian People's Republic  Ukraine
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic Rasht 1920 1921 Qajar Persia  Iran
Slovak Soviet Republic Prešov 1919 Czechoslovak Republic  Czech Republic
 Slovakia

The Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic was proclaimed in 1918 but did not survive to the founding of the USSR, becoming the short-lived Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the RSFSR. The Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida) was also proclaimed in 1918, but did not become a union republic and was made into an autonomous republic of the RSFSR, although the Crimean Tatars had a relative majority until the 1930s or 1940s according to censuses. When the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Soviet Union in 1944, it did not become a union republic, and was instead established as an autonomous republic of the RSFSR.

The leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov, suggested in the early 1960s that the country should become a union republic, but the offer was rejected.[1][2][3] During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviet Union proposed to annex Northern Afghanistan as its 16th union republic in what was to become the Afghan Soviet Socialist Republic.[4]

Unrealized Soviet states

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Workers' communes

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Autonomous Republics of the Soviet Union

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Several of the Union Republics themselves, most notably Russia, were further subdivided into Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs). Though administratively part of their respective Union Republics, ASSRs were also established based on ethnic/cultural lines.

Skabelon:Expand section

Emblem Name Flag Years of membership Capital Official languages Area (km2) Soviet Socialist Republic Post-Soviet subjects
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1931–1992 Sukhumi Abkhazian, Georgian, Russian 8,600 Skabelon:Lande data Georgian SSR Skabelon:Lande data Abkhazia
Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1921–1990 Batumi Georgian, Russian 2,880 Skabelon:Lande data Georgian SSR Skabelon:Lande data Adjara
Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1991 Ufa Bashkir, Russian 143,600 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Bashkortostan
Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1923–1990 Ulan-Ude Buryat, Russian 69,857 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Buryatia
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1936–1944
1957–1991
Grozny Chechen, Ingush, Russian 19,300 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Chechnya
Skabelon:Lande data Ingushetia
Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1925–1992 Cheboksary Chuvash, Russian 18,300 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Chuvashia
Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1921–1991 Makhachkala Aghul, Avar, Azerbaijani, Chechen, Dargwa, Kumyk, Lezgian, Lak, Nogai, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tat, Tsakhur, Russian 50,300 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[note 1] 1990–1991 Gorno-Altaysk Skabelon:Citation needed span 92,600 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Altai Republic
Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1936–1944

1957–1991

Nalchik Kabardian, Karachay-Balkar, Russian 12,500 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Kabardino-Balkaria
Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1935–1943

1958–1991

Elista Kalmyk Oirat, Russian 76,100 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Kalmykia
Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1932–1991 Nukus Karakalpak (1956-1980s), Russian 165,000 Skabelon:Lande data Uzbek SSR Skabelon:Lande data Karakalpakstan
Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1923–1940
1956–1991
Petrozavodsk Finnish (1956-1980s), Russian 147,000 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Karelia
Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1936–1990 Syktyvkar Komi, Russian 415,900 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Komi Republic
Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1936–1990 Yoshkar-Ola Mari (Meadow and Hill variants), Russian 23,200 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Mari El
Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1934–1990 Saransk Erzya, Moksha, Russian 26,200 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Mordovia
Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1921–1990 Nakhichevan Azerbaijani, Armenian, Russian 5,500 Skabelon:Lande data Azerbaijan SSR Skabelon:Lande data Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1936–1993 Ordzhonikidze Ossetian, Russian 8,000 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data North Ossetia-Alania
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1920–1990 Kazan Tatar, Russian 68,000 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Tatarstan
Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1961–1992 Kyzyl Tuvan, Russian 170,500 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Tuva
Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1934–1990 Izhevsk Udmurt, Russian 42,100 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Udmurtia
Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1922–1991 Yakutsk Yakut, Russian 3,083,523 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Sakha Republic


Former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union

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Skabelon:Expand section

Emblem Name Flag Capital Titular nationality Years of membership Population Area (km²) Soviet Socialist Republic Post-Soviet states
Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Simferopol Crimean Tatars
Russians
1921–1945
1991–1992
1,126,000
(1939)
26,860 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR
Skabelon:Lande data Ukrainian SSR
 Ukraine
 Russia (de facto since 2014)
Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Nalchik Kabardians 1944–1957 420,115
(1959)
12,470 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Russia
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25) Alma-Ata Kazakhs 1920–1925 6,503,000
(1926)
2,960,000 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Kazakhstan
 Uzbekistan
 Russia
Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1925–1936
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36) Frunze Kyrgyz 1926–1936 993,000
(1926)
196,129 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR Skabelon:Lande data Kyrgyzstan
Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Tiraspol Moldovans 1924–1940 599,150
(1939)
8,288 Skabelon:Lande data Ukrainian SSR Skabelon:Lande data Transnistria (de facto)
 Moldova (de jure)
 Ukraine
Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Vladikavkaz Balkars, Chechens, Ingushes, Kabardians, Karachays, Ossetians, Terek Cossacks 1921–1924 1,286,000
(1921)
74,000 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Russia
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Dushanbe Tajiks 1924–1929 740,000
(1924)
Skabelon:Lande data Uzbek SSR Skabelon:Lande data Tajikistan
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Tashkent Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Turkmens 1918–1924 5,221,963
(1920)
Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Kazakhstan
 Uzbekistan
 Turkmenistan
Skabelon:Lande data Tajikistan
Skabelon:Lande data Kyrgyzstan
Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Engels Soviet Germans 1923–1941 606,532
(1939)
27,400 Skabelon:Lande data Russian SFSR  Russia

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

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Yderligere information: Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Country emblems of the Union republics, before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Note that the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind, and the emblem is unofficial.

Starting in the late 1980s, under the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet government undertook a program of political reforms (glasnost and perestroika) intended to liberalise and revitalise the Union. These measures, however, had a number of unintended political and social effects. Political liberalisation allowed the governments of the union republics to openly invoke the principles of democracy and nationalism to gain legitimacy. In addition, the loosening of political restrictions led to fractures within the Communist Party which resulted in a reduced ability to govern the Union effectively. The rise of nationalist and right-wing movements, notably led by Boris Yeltsin in Russia, in the previously homogeneous political system undermined the Union's foundations. With the central role of the Communist Party removed from the constitution, the Party lost its control over the State machinery and was banned from operating after an attempted coup d'état.

Throughout this period of turmoil, the Soviet government attempted to find a new structure that would reflect the increased authority of the republics. Some autonomous republics, like Tatarstan, Checheno-Ingushetia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Crimea, Transnistria, Gagauzia sought the union statute in the New Union Treaty. Efforts to found a Union of Sovereign States, however, proved unsuccessful and the republics began to secede from the Union. By 6 September 1991, the Soviet Union's State Council recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania bringing the number of union republics down to 12. On 8 December 1991, the remaining leaders of the republics signed the Belavezha Accords which agreed that the USSR would be dissolved and replaced with a Commonwealth of Independent States. On 25 December, President Gorbachev announced his resignation and turned all executive powers over to Yeltsin. The next day the Council of Republics voted to dissolve the Union. Since then, the republics have been governed independently with some reconstituting themselves as liberal parliamentary republics and others, particularly in Central Asia, devolving into highly autocratic states under the leadership of the old Party elite.

  1. ^ Known as Oyrot Autonomous Oblast in 1922-1948 and Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast in 1948-1990.
  1. ^ Elster, Jon (1996). The roundtable talks and the breakdown of communism. University of Chicago Press. s. 179. ISBN 0-226-20628-9.
  2. ^ Held, Joseph (1994). Dictionary of East European history since 1945. Greenwood Press. s. 84. ISBN 0-313-26519-4.
  3. ^ Gökay, Bülent (2001). Eastern Europe since 1970. Longman. s. 19. ISBN 0-582-32858-6.
  4. ^ Soviets may be poised to annex the Afghan North - Chicago Tribune. August 19, 1984. Retrieved on December 10, 2016. "Miraki said then-Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev urged Afghan President Babrak Karmal to win Afghan Communist Party approval for Moscow's annexation of eight northern provinces and their formation into the 16th Soviet republic, the Socialist Republic of Afghanistan. The defector said Brezhnev envisioned the southern half of the country as a powerless, Pa-than-speaking buffer with U.S.-backed Pakistan."
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