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FEDME

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Afsnit slettet af Tøndemageren:

9 hormoner der kontrollerer din vægt

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Der er 9 hormoner, der tilsammen kontrollerer vægten.[1]

  • Østrogen, det vigtigste kvindelige kønshormon

HORMONER OG VÆKSTFAKTORER

Hormoner

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Hormoner redigeret sept 2019.

47 hormoner listet og beskrevet her: You and Your Hormones http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones

HORMONER

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GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide og GIP = gastric inhibitory polypeptide http://www.sci-news.com/biology/platypus-venom-treatment-type-2-diabetes-04414.html


SULTKONTROL FØDEINDTAGELSE

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Leptin is a hormone secreted from fat cells that helps to regulate body weight. The name leptin is derived from the Greek word 'leptos' meaning thin. It is sometimes referred to as the 'Fat Controller'.

Ghrelin is produced by the stomach. Among its numerous functions, ghrelin increases appetite and stimulates the release of growth hormone.

Peptide YY is a hormone made in the small intestine. It helps to reduce appetite and limit food intake.

https://www.futurity.org/overeating-brain-cells-1874922/ POMP og AgRP The gene called POMC (short for pro-opiomelanocortin) has multiple functions: it encodes a stress hormone called ACTH, a natural opioid called beta-endoprhin, and several other molecules called melanocortins. POMC’s products get opposition from products of the AgRP gene, whose name is short for Agouti-Gene-Related Peptide. In general, POMC acts like a brake on feeding when it gets certain signals from the body, and AgRP acts like an accelerator pedal.

DIVERSE VÆKSTFAKTORER

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GF. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor

væksthormon, somatotropin, vækstfremmende hormon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone


EPO

EPO receptor, cytokine receptor, a single type of subunit


TPO thrombopoietin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombopoietin

Glycoprotein

TPO receptor, cytokine receptor, a single type of subunit


G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor

G-CSF receptor, cytokine receptor, a single type of subunit


IGF insulinlignende vækstfaktor https://www.sundhed.dk/sundhedsfaglig/laegehaandbogen/undersoegelser-og-proever/klinisk-biokemi/blodproever/igf-1/

VÆKSTFAKTORER MED CYTOKIN-RECEPTORER ELLER RTK-RECEPTORER

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OBS Cytokine receptor, JAK-STAT pathway: interferon, interleukin, growth factors, or other chemical messengers activate the kinase function of JAK, which causes autophosphorylation of the receptor and phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Phosphorylated STAT dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus where it promotes transcription of genes required for cell proliferation, immunity, and apoptosis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway


Insulin – Glucose homeostase

To peptider på 110 aminosyrer, 5808 Da

Insulin receptor, tre typer: IR-A homodimer, IR-B homodimer og IR-A/B heterodimer, belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. tyrosine kinase receptor



Insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1, formerly known as somatomedin C

En peptidkæde m 70 aminosyrer på 7.649 Da

insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IGF1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase, one of the most potent natural activators of the AKT signaling pathway, a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation, and a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death.


EGF, epidermal growth factor

Protein/polypeptid på 53 aminosyrer, 6045 Da

EGFR er med i ErbB-familien afho receptor-tyrosin-kinaser


TGF alfa, Transforming growth factor alpha (cancer relateret)

Protein. 50 aminosyrer. Same overall struktur som EFG

Binder til EFGR er med i ErbB-familien af receptor-tyrosin-kinaser


TGF beta, Transforming growth factor beta.

En slags cytokine (små proteiner 5-20kDa der er vigtige i cellesignalering).

Protein. Tre isoformer

TGF-β family is part of a superfamily of proteins known as the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, which includes inhibins, activin, anti-müllerian hormone, bone morphogenetic protein, decapentaplegic and Vg-1.

TGFβ receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors.


PDGF, platelet derived growth factor (mitogen)

dimeric glycoprotein: AA, BB eller AB

PDGFR er receptor-tyrosin-kinase


FGF, fibroblast growth factor (mitogen)

22 FGF er identificeret

Fire typer FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. er receptor-tyrosin-kinase,


VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor

Protein.

VEGFR er er receptor-tyrosin-kinaser


HGF, hepatocyte growth factor, hepatopoietin A (mitogen)

Protein

HGFR eller MET single pass tyrosine kinase receptor


Neurotrophiner, neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN).

Proteiner, strukturelt lignende

Receptor-tyrosin-kinase (Trk receptor) eller RET, to molekyler RET trans-autophosphorylering.


hGH, HGH, væksthormon, somatotropin, vækstfremmende hormon, growth hormone, (hormon, mitogen)

Protein, polypeptid , Enkelt kæde, 191 aminosyrer på 22.124 Da m fire helixer

To gener er closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen) genes. Somatotropiner: a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity: GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin.

HGH-receptor GHBP; GHIP, type I cytokine receptor family, a single type of subunit, Dimerisering og aktivering af en intra- og intercellular signal transductionsvej til vækst


Prolactin, PRL, luteotropic hormone or luteotropin

Protein med en polypeptidkæde.

“Little prolactin” (mest forekommende) 198 aminosyrer, 22 kDa.

“Big prolactin”, omkring 48 kDa med lille aktivitet

“Big big prolactin”, omkring 150 kDa med lille aktivitet

Prolactin receptor, PRLR (cytokine-receptor) og cytokin-receptorer



Somatolactin (SL), fisk —- a new pituitary protein belonging to the growth hormone/prolactin family,



human chorionic somatomammotropin, HCS, human placental lactogen, hPL

Protein, ligner HGH med 191 aminosyrer på 22.125 Da m 8 helixer


Leptin, “mæthedshormonet” - promoverer syntesen af α-MSH og modvirker neuropeptide Y (NPY) og anandamide

16-kDa protein of 167 amino acids

Receptor-tyrosine kinase, LEP-R eller OB-R, OB-RB i hypothalamus


Ghrelin, lenomorelin, “sulthormonet”

Peptide: 28 amino acid peptide found in hypothalamus and stomach

Receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR1a, regulates the activation of the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, nitric oxide synthase, and AMPK cascades in different cellular systems.[2] One of the important features of GHSR1a displays constitutive activity possessing basal activity

Bemærkelsesværdige peptidhormoner

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Adskillige overordnede peptidhormoner secerneres (udskilles) af hypofysen.

Fra hypofysens forlap:

Fra hypofysens baglap:

The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone.

heart (atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF))

pancreas (glucagon, insulin and somatostatin),

the gastrointestinal tract (cholecystokinin, gastrin), and

adipose tissue stores (leptin).


PEPTIDHORMONER OG VÆKSTFAKTORER MED GPCR-RECEPTORER

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ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocortin 2

which acts on the adrenal cortex to regulate the secretion of glucocorticoids; and

39-amino acid polypeptid . ACTH spalter til α-MSH.

GPCR


C


Angiotensin II vasoconstriction

Peptid fra angiotensinogen + renin > angiotensin I inaktivt (angiotensin converting enzyme) > angiotensin II se renin-angiotensin system,

Ligheder I struktur: secretin receptor family.


Growth hormone-releasing hormone, GHRH, growth hormone–releasing factor (GRF, GHRF), somatoliberin, somatocrinin

Peptid m 44 aminosyrer

GHRHR is a member of the secretin receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors


GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormon også benævnt som follicle-stimulerende hormon–releasing hormon (-RH), luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH), gonadoliberin og luliberin (gonadorelin) - pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2

GNRHR, GPCR


FSH, follikelstimulerende hormone, follitropin

Glycoprotein m to kæder. Heterodimer. Alfa-kæden er identisk med LH. FSH, TSH og hCG med 92 aminosyrer. Beta-kæden er på 111 aminosyrer

FSHR, GPCR


Incretin - intestinal peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Both GLP-1 and GIP are members of the glucagon peptide superfamily.

GLP1 receptor is a member of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors found on beta cells of the pancreas. The GIP-R is seven-transmembrane protein found on beta-cells in the pancreas.


LH, luteiniserende hormon, lutropin, interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH)

To glycopeptider. Heterodimer. Alfa-kæden er identisk med LH. FSH, TSH og hCG med 92 aminosyrer. Beta-kæden er på 120 aminosyrer

luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), GPCR


TSH, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone

Glycopeptid m to kæder. Heterodimer. Alfa-kæden er identisk med LH. FSH, TSH og hCG med 92 aminosyrer. Beta-kæden er på 118 aminosyrer

thyrotropin receptor (or TSH receptor), GPCR


hCG, humant chorion-gonadotropin. Hormonet blir populært kalt «graviditetshormonet» -daW

Glycopeptid m to kæder. Heterodimer m 237 aminossyrer, 25,7 kDa med en lille hydrofob kerne. Alfa-kæden er identisk med LH. FSH, TSH og hCG med 92 aminosyrer. Beta-kæden er på 145 aminosyrer.



Melanocortins include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).

GPCR



α-MSH, α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) melanotropin

an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide of the melanocortin family, with a tridecapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2.

GPCR







The neurohypophysial hormones form a family of structurally and functionally related peptide hormones. Their main representatives are oxytocin and vasopressin.


Vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin (neurohypophyse hormone)

The posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin, and oxytocin.

Nonapeptide, ni aminosyrer m S-S, Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly

Fire receptorer: AVPR1A, AVPR1B eller AVPR3, AVPR2, GPCR


Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin (hormone and neurotransmitter)

Peptid med 41 aminosyrer

To receptorer: CRHR-1 og CRHR-2

Evolved ~500 million years ago

Urocortin belongs to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family that includes CRF, urotensin I, sauvagine, urocortin II and urocortin III.


Oxytocin, Oxt, OXT, “kram-hormonet”, “kærligheds-hormonet” eller “forelskelses-hormonet” “bonding-hormone” (hormone og neurotransmitter)

Nonapeptide, ni aminosyrer m S-S, Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 Molekylær lighed med vasopressin

OXTR, GPCR


ANP eller ANF, atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP), atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), Cardionatrine, Cardiodilatine (CDD) or atriopeptin

Protein, ANP is a 28-amino acid peptide with a 17-amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule. The ring is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23. ANP is closely related to BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), which all share a similar amino acid ring structure.

Tre receptorer guanylyl cyclase, guanylat cyclase A eller NPR-1, guanylat cyclase B eller NPR-2, guanylat cyclase C eller NPR-3, binding fører til dimerization og aktivering


BNP, Brain natriuretic peptide or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (also ventricular natriuretic peptide)

Polypeptid, 32 aminosyrer

Receptor: guanylyl cyclase, NPR-1 (NPR-2) binding fører til dimerization og aktivering


Glucagon, pancreas (glucagon, insulin and somatostatin)

Peptid med 29 aminosyrer, 3485 Da

GPCR, G-protein coupled receptors from secretin receptor family.


Somatostatin, Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, GHIH

Peptid m 14 eller 28 aminosyrer

5 kendte Somatostatin receptorer SSTR1-SSTR5, GPCR


Secretin

Peptide med 27 aminosyrer, 3055 Da

GPCR, class II G-protein coupled receptors from secretin receptor family.

Secretin familien: Glucagon/GIP/secretin/VIP hormones


GIP, gastroinhibitory peptide, gastric inhibitory polypepride, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

Peptid med 42 aminosyrer

GPCR,class II G-protein coupled receptors from secretin receptor family.


Vasoactive intestinal peptide, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP hormone (neuropeptide)

Peptide m 28 aminosyrer

GPCR, G-protein coupled receptors from secretin receptor family.


Calcitonin (regurlerer calcium og fosfor metabolism, modvirker parathyroid hormone, PTH )

32-amino acid linear polypeptide

Calcitonin receptor, GPCR


Gastrin

Peptide

gastrin-34 ("big gastrin") 34 aminosyrer

gastrin-17 ("little gastrin") 17 aminosyrer

gastrin-14 ("minigastrin") 14 aminosyrer

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

Gastrin binds to cholecystokinin B receptors to stimulate the release of histamines in enterochromaffin-like cells, and it induces the insertion of K+/H+ ATPase pumps into the apical membrane of parietal cells (which in turn increases H+ release into the stomach cavity). Its release is stimulated by peptides in the lumen of the stomach.

Gastrin receptor, cholecystokinin B receptors, GPCR


Cholecystokinin, CCK or CCK-PZ, pancreozymin – fordøjelse og mæthed.

a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system, har same 5 amino syrer I C-terminus som gastrin

GPCR CCKAR og GPRC CCKBR fælles receptor med gastrin


Parathyroid hormone, PTH, parathormone or parathyrin

Peptid m 34 aminosyrer

parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors. Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor, PTH2R , member of GPCR family 2 receptor

  1. ^ 9 Proven Ways to Fix The Hormones That Control Your Weight. Healthline.com
  2. ^ What causes the insulin resistance underlying obesity?
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