Kulstofneutralt brændstof

Kulstofneutrale brændstoffer kan henføre til mange forskellige energibrændstoffer eller energisystemer, som netto ikke beriger atmosfæren med CO2. En klasse er syntetisk brændstof (inklusiv methan, benzin, dieselolie, jetbrændstof eller ammoniak^[1]) produceret via vedvarende energi ved at anvende hydrogenering af carbondioxid hentet fra luften.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Sådanne brændstoffer er potentielt kulstofneutrale fordi de netto ikke bidrager til atmosfærens CO2.^[6]^[7]

Fremstilling af kulstof-neutralt brændstof er et eksempel på CO2-neutral energilagring.

Se også

Kilder/referencer

^ Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Transmission and Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Arkiveret 21. september 2013 hos Wayback Machine Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas
^ Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366: 3901-18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 25. maj 2013. Hentet 7. september 2012. (Review.)
^ Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703-27. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. Hentet 6. juli 2013. (Review.)
^ MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO₂ capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645-69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. Hentet 7. september 2012. (Review.)
^ Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis" (PDF). Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346-52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Hentet 6. juli 2013.
^ Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO₂ and H₂O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1-23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)
^ Socolow, Robert; et al. (1. juni 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO₂ with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Hentet 7. september 2012.

Yderligere læsning

McDonald, Thomas M.; Lee, Woo Ram; Mason, Jarad A.; Wiers, Brian M.; Hong, Chang Seop; Long, Jeffrey R. (2012). "Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Air and Flue Gas in the Alkylamine-Appended Metal–Organic Framework mmen-Mg₂(dobpdc)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (16): 7056-65. doi:10.1021/ja300034j. — has 10 citing articles as of September 2012, many of which discuss efficiency and cost of air and flue recovery.
Kulkarni, Ambarish R.; Sholl, David S. (2012). "Analysis of Equilibrium-Based TSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO₂ from Air". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 51 (25): 8631-45. doi:10.1021/ie300691c. — claims USD $100/ton CO₂ extraction from air, not counting capital expenses.

Eksterne henvisninger

Doty Windfuels (Columbia, South Carolina)
Air Fuel Synthesis, Ltd. (Stockton-on-Tees, UK)
CoolPlanet Energy Systems (Camarillo, California)
Cost Model for US Navy Zero Carbon Nuclear Synfuel Process Arkiveret 13. maj 2013 hos Wayback Machine spreadsheet by John Morgan (January 2013; source)
Interview with Kathy Lewis of the US Naval Research Laboratory

[1] Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Transmission and Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Arkiveret 21. september 2013 hos Wayback Machine Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas

[Zeman2008-2] Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366: 3901-18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 25. maj 2013. Hentet 7. september 2012. (Review.)

[Wang2012-3] Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703-27. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. Hentet 6. juli 2013. (Review.)

[MacDowell2010-4] MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO₂ capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645-69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. Hentet 7. september 2012. (Review.)

[Eisaman2012-5] Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis" (PDF). Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346-52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Hentet 6. juli 2013.

[Graves2011rev-6] Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO₂ and H₂O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1-23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)

[Socolow2011-7] Socolow, Robert; et al. (1. juni 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO₂ with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Hentet 7. september 2012.

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